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Rapid heartbeat, a feeling of the heart “stopping” or an irregular pulse — these are symptoms that often frighten and make one think about the state of health. In a doctor’s conclusion in such cases two terms may appear — tachycardia and arrhythmia.

Both concepts relate to changes in the heart rhythm, however they mean different disturbances of its function. Both tachycardia and arrhythmia can occur as a temporary reaction of the body to exertion or stress, and can also be a manifestation of diseases of the cardiovascular system. Next, we will figure out what exactly these diagnoses mean, what the difference between them is, what causes may provoke them, and how to act correctly when such symptoms appear.

What are cardiac arrhythmia and tachycardia

Normally, the heart works rhythmically — it contracts at equal intervals and at a rate of approximately 60–90 beats per minute at rest. Such a rhythm ensures effective blood supply to organs and tissues. If the rate or regularity of contractions changes, they speak of a disturbance of the heart rhythm.

Arrhythmia — is a general name for any changes in the normal rhythm of the heart. It can manifest as an acceleration, slowing, or irregularity of the heartbeat.

Tachycardia — is an accelerated heart rhythm when the rate of contractions at rest exceeds 100 beats per minute. At the same time, the rhythm may remain regular or be combined with other disturbances.

From a medical point of view, tachycardia is one of the types of arrhythmia, because it also belongs to rhythm disturbances. At the same time, arrhythmia — is a broader concept: it covers both an accelerated and a slowed or irregular rhythm.

How arrhythmia differs from tachycardia

Despite the fact that these terms are sometimes perceived as the same, there is a fundamental difference between them. Patients often ask: arrhythmia and tachycardia — are they the same thing? No, these are different variants of heart rhythm disturbance that have their own mechanisms of occurrence and clinical features.

The main difference between arrhythmia and tachycardia concerns the mechanism of rhythm changes, the heart rate, and the nature of the course. To better understand the differences, it is worth considering the mechanism of occurrence, the features of the rate and regularity of heart contractions.

The difference between tachycardia and arrhythmia by the mechanism of rhythm disturbance

The heart rhythm is formed by electrical impulses that arise in the sinus node and spread through the conduction system of the heart. If the frequency of impulse formation changes or their conduction is disturbed, arrhythmia occurs.

Tachycardia develops when impulses are generated too often, which leads to an increase in the heart rate to more than 100 beats per minute at rest. Other types of arrhythmia may be associated not only with acceleration but also with slowing of the rhythm or the appearance of premature contractions. That is, tachycardia — is a separate variant of rhythm disturbance, whereas arrhythmia unites different types of changes in the work of the heart.

Arrhythmia and tachycardia: the difference in the rate and regularity of the heartbeat

The main sign of tachycardia is an increased heart rate. The rhythm may remain regular, that is, the beats go evenly, but faster than normal.

Arrhythmia, however, is not limited only to a change in rate. It can manifest as irregularity of contractions, a sensation of “skipped” beats, alternation of accelerated and slowed rhythm, or sudden changes in rate. Thus, tachycardia is characterized primarily by an acceleration of the rhythm, whereas arrhythmia can include various disturbances of the rate and regularity of heart contractions.

Tachycardia as a form of arrhythmia: when diseases have common features

From a clinical point of view, tachycardia belongs to arrhythmias, since it is a type of rhythm disturbance. For example, in certain types of rhythm disturbances, the heartbeat can be simultaneously fast and irregular.

At the same time, not every arrhythmia is accompanied by tachycardia: there are forms with a normal or slowed pulse. That is why, when frequent heartbeat, interruptions in the work of the heart, dizziness, or weakness appear, it is important to undergo an examination in order to accurately determine the type of disturbance and choose the correct treatment tactics.

Causes of arrhythmia and tachycardia

Heart rhythm disturbances can arise for various reasons — from functional changes to serious organic diseases. For a correct assessment of the condition, it is important to determine whether rhythm changes are directly related to the heart or are a consequence of the influence of other body systems or external factors.

Cardiological causes of arrhythmia and tachycardia

Most often, persistent rhythm disturbances are associated with structural or functional changes in the myocardium. Such causes include:

  • ischemic heart disease;
  • previous myocardial infarction;
  • inflammatory processes in the heart muscle;
  • cardiomyopathies;
  • valve defects;
  • heart failure.

Damage to the conduction system of the heart or changes in the myocardial tissue can lead to incorrect formation or conduction of electrical impulses. As a result, episodes of accelerated, slowed, or irregular heartbeat occur. In such cases, symptoms often recur and require detailed cardiological diagnostics.

Non-cardiac causes (stress, hormones, anemia, stimulants)

Rhythm changes do not always mean the presence of a heart disease. Quite often they are associated with the influence of external or systemic factors.

Among the most common causes — chronic stress, overwork, sleep disturbances, anxiety disorders. Hormonal shifts play a significant role, in particular increased thyroid function. Also, anemia, dehydration, electrolyte deficiency, and intoxications can affect the heart rate.

Separately, it is worth mentioning stimulatory substances: excessive consumption of caffeine, energy drinks, alcohol, nicotine, as well as some medications can provoke episodes of accelerated or irregular heartbeat.

Risk factors and provoking conditions

In addition to direct causes, there are factors that increase the likelihood of developing rhythm disturbances. These include:

  • arterial hypertension; 
  • diabetes mellitus;
  • obesity;
  • increased cholesterol level;
  • a sedentary lifestyle; 
  • chronic inflammatory processes.

Provoking conditions can be sudden physical exertion without preparation, acute stress, infectious diseases with fever, alcohol abuse, or a violation of the medication regimen.

Understanding risk factors helps not only to determine a possible cause of rhythm changes, but also to adjust lifestyle in a timely manner and reduce the likelihood of recurrent episodes.

Tachycardia and arrhythmia: symptoms

Manifestations of heart rhythm disturbances may differ depending on the type, frequency of episodes, and the general condition of the cardiovascular system. In some people, symptoms are pronounced, in others — almost imperceptible and are detected accidentally during an examination. It is important to pay attention not only to the very fact of accelerated or irregular heartbeat, but also to accompanying sensations.

Typical symptoms of tachycardia

The main sign of tachycardia is the sensation of frequent heartbeat. A person may notice that the heart is beating too fast even at rest.

The most common symptoms of tachycardia:

  • a sensation of strong or accelerated heartbeats;
  • “pulsation” in the chest, neck, or temples;
  • shortness of breath with minor exertion;
  • weakness or rapid fatigue;
  • dizziness.

If tachycardia is short-term and related to stress or physical exertion, it usually passes on its own. However, frequent or prolonged episodes require a doctor’s assessment.

Symptoms of different types of arrhythmias

Arrhythmia can manifest not only as accelerated, but also as irregular or slowed heartbeat. Symptoms depend on the specific type of rhythm disturbance.

Possible manifestations:

  • a sensation of “interruptions” or missed beats;
  • an irregular pulse;
  • sudden changes in heart rate;
  • a feeling of the heart “stopping”;
  • weakness, dizziness;
  • episodes of a presyncope state.

Some arrhythmias may for a long time not produce pronounced symptoms and are detected only during electrocardiography or when 24-hour Holter monitoring is performed.

When symptoms are dangerous and require immediate assistance

In most cases, episodes of tachycardia or arrhythmia do not pose an immediate threat to life. However, there are situations when urgent medical assistance is necessary.

Dangerous symptoms are:

  • sharp chest pain;
  • pronounced shortness of breath;
  • loss of consciousness;
  • severe dizziness with darkening in the eyes;
  • a very rapid or very slow pulse combined with weakness.

Such manifestations may indicate serious rhythm disturbances or other emergency conditions. In such situations, one should not wait for the symptoms to pass on their own, — it is necessary to seek medical help as soon as possible.

Why arrhythmia and tachycardia are dangerous

Not every episode of accelerated or irregular heartbeat is a threat. However, prolonged, frequent, or severe rhythm disturbances can affect blood circulation and the work of other organs. The level of risk depends on the type of arrhythmia, the presence of concomitant diseases, and the condition of the heart muscle.

Complications of tachycardia

If the heart works too fast for a long time, it does not have time to fully fill with blood between contractions. This can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of blood circulation.

Possible complications of tachycardia:

  • a decrease in blood pressure;
  • impaired blood supply to the brain with dizziness or fainting;
  • exacerbation of ischemic heart disease;
  • development or progression of heart failure in a prolonged course.

The most dangerous are some forms of ventricular tachycardia, which can disrupt the normal work of the heart and require emergency assistance.

Complications of arrhythmia

Complications depend on the specific type of arrhythmia. For example, in atrial fibrillation there is an increased risk of blood clots forming in the chambers of the heart, which can lead to stroke.

Other possible consequences:

  • episodes of loss of consciousness;
  • progression of heart failure;
  • sharp fluctuations in blood pressure;
  • impaired blood supply to vital organs.

Some rhythm disturbances may be asymptomatic, but at the same time increase the risk of serious complications, therefore they require monitoring.

Which is more dangerous: tachycardia or arrhythmia

The question “which is more dangerous” does not have an unambiguous answer. More important is not the term itself, but the specific type of rhythm disturbance, its duration, and its effect on blood circulation.

Short-term sinus tachycardia against the background of stress usually does not pose a threat. At the same time, certain types of arrhythmias or pathological tachycardias can be serious and require treatment.

That is why, with recurring symptoms, it is important to undergo an examination in order to determine the nature of the rhythm disturbance and assess potential risks.

What to do in case of arrhythmia and tachycardia

Arrhythmia and tachycardia: what is the difference, causes and treatment

The tactics of actions depend on how exactly the attack manifests, how long it lasts, and whether there are concomitant symptoms. If the episode occurred for the first time, recurs, intensifies, or is accompanied by a deterioration of well-being, it is important not to limit oneself to self-reassurance and to undergo an examination. Correct actions at the moment of an attack and timely consultation with a doctor help reduce the risk of complications.

First aid during an attack

If there is a sudden acceleration of heartbeat or a sensation of interruptions, first of all it is important to reduce the load on the heart and assess the condition.

Recommended actions:

  • stop physical activity and sit or lie down in a comfortable position;
  • ensure access to fresh air, loosen tight clothing;
  • try to calm down and restore even slow breathing;
  • if possible — measure pulse and blood pressure.

If the attack is similar to a sudden “breakdown” of the rhythm with very rapid heartbeat, sometimes a doctor may recommend vagal maneuvers, but their appropriateness and safety must be discussed in advance at a consultation. It is not worth using such methods on your own without understanding the diagnosis.

One should not take “heart” medications without a prescription, increase dosages of medicines, or try to “knock down the rhythm” with unknown remedies, because this may worsen the condition.

When you need to urgently consult a doctor

Even if the attack passed on its own, this does not always mean that the situation is safe. It is important to assess not only the symptoms, but also the circumstances of their appearance, duration, and frequency of recurrence.

An urgent consultation with a doctor is necessary if:

  • the attack occurred for the first time in life;
  • episodes began to recur more often or became longer;
  • heartbeat occurs at rest without an obvious reason;
  • attacks appear at night and disturb sleep;
  • there are established heart diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or a previous myocardial infarction;
  • previously prescribed treatment has ceased to be effective.

Situations where weakness, blood pressure instability, or a general deterioration of well-being remains after an attack require special attention.

Even in the absence of pronounced symptoms, regular episodes of rhythm disturbance are grounds for an examination, because some arrhythmias may for a long time proceed without vivid manifestations, but increase the risk of complications.

Examinations to establish an accurate diagnosis

Assessment of rhythm disturbances begins with a conversation with a doctor, analysis of complaints, and standard studies. It is important not only to record the fact of tachycardia or arrhythmia, but also to understand their cause and determine whether there is a risk of complications.

Usually, a doctor may prescribe:

  • an ECG at rest;
  • 24-hour Holter monitoring;
  • echocardiography (heart ultrasound) to assess the structure and function of the heart;
  • blood tests (in particular anemia indicators, electrolytes, thyroid function);
  • according to indications — exercise tests or additional methods if it is necessary to уточнити the type of rhythm disturbance.

The optimal scope of examinations is determined individually. If episodes occur periodically, monitoring of the rhythm over a day or longer often helps to “catch” the disturbance and establish an accurate diagnosis.

Tachycardia and arrhythmia: treatment

Treatment tactics depend on the type of rhythm disturbance, the frequency and duration of episodes, the presence of concomitant diseases, and the risk of complications. In some cases, it is enough to eliminate provoking factors and monitor the condition, in others — targeted therapy is needed. Self-treatment in rhythm disturbances is dangerous, because different types of arrhythmias require different approaches.

How to treat tachycardia and arrhythmia with medications

Drug therapy is selected individually after establishing an accurate diagnosis. Its purpose — is to reduce the frequency of attacks, normalize the rhythm, control the heart rate, and reduce the risk of complications.

Depending on the situation, a doctor may prescribe:

  • medications to control heart rate;
  • antiarrhythmic agents to restore or maintain the correct rhythm;
  • medications to correct concomitant conditions (for example, in high blood pressure, ischemic heart disease, heart failure);
  • anticoagulants if there are indications, to reduce the risk of blood clots in certain types of arrhythmias.

Important: treatment of tachycardia and arrhythmia always depends on the specific type of rhythm disturbance. What is suitable for one variant may be ineffective or dangerous for another, therefore the regimen must be determined by a doctor.

Non-medication treatment methods

Non-medication measures are often an important part of therapy, especially if episodes are provoked by lifestyle or concomitant conditions.

Such methods include:

  • normalization of sleep and rest regimen;
  • control of stress and anxiety, breathing techniques, moderate physical activity as recommended by a doctor;
  • limitation of stimulants (excess caffeine, energy drinks, nicotine, alcohol);
  • weight correction, nutrition, control of blood pressure and glucose level;
  • treatment of conditions that can provoke rhythm disturbances (anemia, thyroid dysfunction, electrolyte disturbances).

Such steps do not replace the main treatment, but can significantly reduce the frequency of attacks and improve well-being.

Invasive treatment methods (according to indications)

Invasive methods are used when drug therapy does not give an effect, attacks recur, or there is an increased risk of dangerous complications. The decision about such treatment is made after a detailed examination.

According to indications, the following may be used:

  • catheter ablation — a method in which a doctor acts on the area of the heart that triggers or maintains arrhythmia;
  • implantation of a pacemaker in pronounced conduction disturbances or dangerous slowing of the rhythm;
  • implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with a high risk of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias;
  • electrical cardioversion in certain clinical situations when it is necessary to restore the rhythm.

The optimal tactics are determined after establishing an accurate diagnosis and assessing the general condition. If your symptoms recur or you have an established diagnosis of a rhythm disturbance, it is important to consult a specialist — a cardiologist in Kyiv will help determine treatment tactics to maintain good well-being and reduce the risk of complications. 

The information in this article is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended as a guide to self-diagnosis or treatment. If symptoms of the disease appear, consult a doctor.

Sources:

European Society of Cardiology (ESC)  

American Heart Association (AHA) / American College of Cardiology (ACC) / Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)  

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)